Perineal tears: prevention techniques
Antenatal Perineal Massage for Reducing Perineal Trauma
Beckman & Stock
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Evidence shows that antenatal perineal massage can reduce the likelihood of perineal trauma and the need for episiotomy, particularly in first-time mothers.Episiotomy to prevent OASI during instrumental delivery
Gachon et al.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2025
One Examines whether episiotomy may reduce anal sphincter injury during instrumental birth in first-time mothers.Warm perineal compresses during second stage of labor
Magoga et al.
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2019
Reviews evidence on warm compresses as a method for reducing perineal trauma during birth.
The OASI care bundle quality improvement project
Jurczuk et al.
International Urogynecology Journal, 2021
Shares lessons from implementing a care bundle to reduce obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
Manual protection of the perineum reduces obstetric anal sphincter ruptures
Leenskjold et al.
Danish Medical Journal, 2015
Reports on manual perineal protection as a strategy to reduce severe sphincter injuries.Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour
Aasheim et al.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017
Reviews techniques used during birth to reduce perineal trauma.Perineal care
Frohlich & Kettle
BMJ Clinical Evidence, 2015
Summarises evidence and clinical considerations for preventing and managing perineal trauma.Intrapartum bundles and interventions for reducing perineal trauma
Morganelli et al.
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 2025
Reviews bundle-based and intrapartum interventions aimed at reducing vaginal birth-related perineal trauma.Perineal techniques during second stage of labour and postpartum complications
Dwan et al.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2024
Updated Cochrane review on techniques used during birth to reduce perineal trauma and complications.Two midwives during second stage of labour to reduce severe perineal trauma
Edqvist et al.
The Lancet, 2022
Evaluates whether having two midwives present during second stage reduces severe perineal trauma.Position for women in the second stage of labour
Gupta et al.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017
Examines how upright versus supine birth positions affect labour outcomes, including duration of second stage, delivery interventions, perineal trauma, and maternal and neonatal outcomes.